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United States Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr claimed on October 9 that there may be a link between autism and circumcision. However, experts say his claims are not based on rigorous and robust research.

“There’s two studies that show children who are circumcised early have double the rate of autism, and it’s highly likely because they’re given Tylenol,” said Kennedy, who, like President Donald Trump, cited shaky research about the drug and autism when warning pregnant women against taking the acetaminophen.

Circumcision is the removal of penis foreskin, a typically elective procedure performed on infants largely for religious and cultural reasons.

We looked at the studies, one from 2013 and another from 2015.

Neither showed that circumcision causes autism. Neither had data on whether acetaminophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol, was given to the patients in the studies.

The two papers found some association between circumcision and autism, but both had significant limitations, including small sample sizes.

Authors of both papers advised further research to confirm a relationship.

Decades of research show that acetaminophen is safe for infants and children when used as recommended and under a paediatrician’s guidance. No research shows that taking the drug as a child causes increased autism risk.

Acetaminophen is not universally recommended for circumcisions. Infant circumcision is typically performed with a local anaesthetic. Some hospital guidelines advise parents to give infants acetaminophen as needed for pain in the days following the procedure.

Asked about Kennedy’s statements on circumcision, a Health and Human Services Department spokesperson pointed us to the secretary’s October 10 post on X in which he pointed to the 2015 study and an unpublished research paper from 2025.

As usual, the mainstream media attacks me for something I didn’t say in order to distract from the truth of what I did say.

At yesterday’s Cabinet meeting, I said: “There are two studies that show children who are circumcised early have double the rate of autism, and it’s highly…

Unpublished article not new research

The 2025 paper Kennedy referenced in his X post has not been peer-reviewed. It is considered a preprint, which means it has not been vetted by other scientific experts in the field, a standard process for scholarly research that aims to ensure its quality and rigour prior to publication.

The paper was authored by researchers at WPLab, a North Carolina company that promotes a link between acetaminophen and autism. In September, The Atlantic reported that WPLab CEO William Parker, a retired Duke University associate professor, has been in frequent contact with Kennedy.

The WPLab paper starts by saying in its abstract that “overwhelming evidence” shows acetaminophen exposure in babies “triggers many if not most cases of autism spectrum disorder”. The company makes similar statements about causation in several other papers, but that view does not reflect scientific consensus.

The premise of the article posted this summer is that “evidence that acetaminophen triggers autism” has been “ignored and mishandled” in existing published research. It is a critique and analysis; it does not represent any new scientific research. It points to the 2013 and 2015 studies about circumcision and autism, but misrepresents the scope of the 2015 study’s findings. It does not explain that the 2013 study was a basic population-level look at circumcision rates and autism rates.

2013 study a ‘hypothesis generating’ exercise

Authored by UMass-Lowell epidemiologists, the 2013 peer-reviewed study aimed to see if there was an association (not causation) between giving young infants acetaminophen and developing autism. The study was described by the authors as a “hypothesis generating exploratory analysis”, meaning it was not intended to reach a conclusion about a link.

Circumcision was not the focus. Data about the procedure was analysed as if it were a proxy for giving Tylenol to a baby. But the study did not confirm whether the drug was given in the cases it cited.

The study looked at nine countries. For each country, it collected two pieces of data: the percentage of the population that was circumcised and its prevalence of autism in men. In some cases, the circumcision rate was estimated based on the number of Jewish and Muslim men in a country.

It used those few pieces of data to calculate a correlation.

“You can’t really do a correlation with any level of legitimacy from a statistical point of view on such a small sample size,” said Helen Tager-Flusberg, professor emerita at Boston University and founder of the Coalition of Autism Scientists.

The study said there was a positive association between a population’s circumcision rates and its autism rates, but cautioned there were “significant limitations” to the study and that “correlation is not causation and as such no causal inference is intended”. The authors called for more research to “confirm or disprove this association”.

Despite having no data on whether kids represented in the data were given acetaminophen, the study linked the finding to the drug’s use by looking at data from before 1995, around the time when acetaminophen became a tested treatment for circumcision-related pain. The study found a slightly weaker correlation pre-1995.

2015 study was in Denmark, where circumcision is rare

The 2015 Danish study explored whether being circumcised meant a boy was more likely to be diagnosed with autism before age 10. The study did not examine acetaminophen use.

The study found that the risk of autism was 46 to 62 percent increased in boys who were circumcised, but this finding needs a lot of context.

First, circumcision in Denmark is rare and happens mostly among Jewish and Muslim families. But the study had only circumcision data from hospitals and doctors’ offices, meaning it did not count procedures that happened in home religious ceremonies.

Additionally, because circumcision and autism diagnoses are both uncommon, those groups’ sample sizes were small. In a study of 342,877 boys born between 1994 and 2003, fewer than 1 percent (3,347 boys) were circumcised, and about 1.5 percent (5,033 boys) had autism. Just 57 boys had both.

“We’re talking about a relatively small number of children out of this very large Danish population,” Tager-Flusberg said. When the study broke the samples down by faith groups or eliminated incomplete data from the analysis, its findings were more dramatic but based on even smaller numbers. The finding of a 62 percent increased risk of autism was based on just 24 boys. Other researchers in the field publicly criticised the study for issues with its methods.

In 2019, one of the study’s authors, Morten Frisch, proposed that the Danish Parliament should prohibit circumcision until the age of 18.

Although the 2015 study did not look at acetaminophen use, the WPLab paper cited it as “some of the most compelling ‘standalone’ evidence that acetaminophen triggers autism in susceptible babies and children” – a statement Kennedy quoted from in his X post.

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Kiev, Ukraine – A huge transformer was destroyed by the Russian drone strike, which was surgically precise and carried out at a crucial power station in Kiev.

Mykola Svyrydenko, who resides close to Thermal Station 5, a sprawling, Soviet-era structure with two enormous steam pipes that supply the residents of Kyiv with electricity and heat, told Al Jazeera. “There is nothing left to repair.”

He witnessed the massive fire at the power station that erupted on October 10 as a predawn attack. According to authorities, the attack involved 465 drones and 32 missiles that targeted various Ukrainian cities.

Another local, Artyom Gavrilenko, said to Al Jazeera outside his five-story apartment complex, “This isn’t the first time the station has been hit.”

Russia has attempted to attack Ukraine’s energy infrastructure since the winter of 2022, forcing the nation to rely on subzero temperatures to power its homes and industries.

The Kyiv station attack is a recent development in Russia’s plan to obliterate Ukrainian power, transmission, and heating stations, as well as natural gas mines, pipelines, and underground reservoirs, despite having survived those assaults. Analysts believe that this change in Russian strategy will put Ukraine under unprecedented pressure.

The majority of the city’s almost four million-person population was left without power and running water for the majority of the day on October 10. Gavrilenko’s building and other locations. As people slammed into their power banks, some of which were chained to walls or trees to prevent theft.

One of Kyiv’s subway lines stopped operating for several hours, paralyzing traffic on the bridges connecting the city’s left and right banks, causing the city’s transboundary to become inaccessible. Energy Minister Mykola Kolesnik stated at a news conference on Monday that Russia had deliberately begun to attack natural gas distribution facilities.

He said, citing plans to increase the import of natural gas from Europe, “the enemy won’t stop, he confirmed it … only in early October, we’ve seen more than six strikes]on natural gas delivery facilities,” and they will continue.

He said, “We see the change in the enemy’s strategy that results in the regional power generation and transmission deficits.”

As a result of weather reports that predict a particularly cold winter with plenty of snow, millions of civilians are left defenseless against the upcoming winter chill.

Moscow uses hundreds of drones in its attacks, most of which have been modified to fly more quickly, higher altitudes, and dive on their targets with sharp angles to avoid being shot down or intercepted.

Russian missiles were also modified by software updates to veer off predetermined paths and confound sophisticated air defense systems made by Americans, including Patriots.

According to an analysis by the Centre for Information Resilience, a group based in London, the rate of missile interceptions increased dramatically from 37 percent in August to 6 percent in September as a result of the modifications.

The outcomes were devastating.

Russian missiles attacked a nearly finished factory in eastern Kyiv on August 28 that was supposed to house the heavy drones Bayraktar, a type of Turkish design. Two more missiles hit a nearby apartment building, slicing off two of its five floors, killing 22 civilians, including four children, and wounding dozens.

“I woke up and automatically pulled the blanket over my head”, Anatoly, a 63-year-old retiree, told Al Jazeera hours later, explaining how the blanket he was under saved his face from dagger-like glass shards.

He was speaking while puffing on cigarette after cigarette, standing next to a crew of rescue workers and what remained of his possessions – a dishwasher, a couple of shelves and a bundle of clothes.

The problem has been exacerbated by corruption.

In early August, Ukraine’s anticorruption agencies unveiled a giant corruption scheme to inflate the costs of anti-drone installations by up to 30 percent.

A lawmaker, city officials and National Guard servicemen were involved in the scheme, and four unidentified suspects were arrested, the agencies said.

“There must be full and fair accountability for this”, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said in a video address.

The corruption case underscored Ukraine’s failures to protect energy infrastructure that has been pummelled since October 2022, said analysts.

“Instead of putting]the infrastructure] underground within the three years, they placed sandbags around it and stole funds on meaningless, but imposing ‘ drone interceptors'”, Nikolay Mitrokhin, a researcher with Germany’s Bremen University who penned hundreds of detailed reports on the hostilities, told Al Jazeera.

As a result, the energy infrastructure is now close to collapsing.

“We’ll have a very harsh winter ahead of us”, an engineer at a state-run company that oversees the restoration of power stations and transmission lines told Al Jazeera.

He spoke on condition of anonymity as he is not authorised to talk to the media.

“Judging by the degree of destruction, we’ll hardly be able to repair what is being destroyed”, the engineer added.

Residents of Kyiv, meanwhile, are preparing for power and heat shortages, buying canisters of petrol, power banks, battery-powered electric blankets, rechargeable lamps of all kinds, or unfolding Christmas garlands — which shine, offering some light during blackouts — well before the holiday season.

Many are even snubbing fire prevention regulations by installing wood stoves in their apartments.

Russian President Vladimir Putin “will not catch us by surprise the way he did three years ago”, Olena Korotych, a mother of two, told Al Jazeera outside a supermarket, where she was buying torches.

At filling stations, employees nod understandingly when helping fill canisters – something that is banned in many countries.

A bus stop away from Thermal Power Station 5, Arslan Atamuradov, a migrant from Tajikistan, now uses such natural gas canisters to power the glistening grill at his shawarma kiosk, instead of the electricity he once relied on.