Category World News

The Group of 20’s final document states that the group will work to end armed conflicts and lessen the suffering of developing nations worldwide.

In contrast to the United States’ boycott of the United States, the summit, the first G20 summit on the African continent, convened on Saturday for the first of two days with an ambitious agenda to advance progress in addressing some of the world’s poorest nations’ long-standing issues.

At a meeting point near the famed Soweto township in South Africa, where Nelson Mandela once held the post-apartheid leader, leaders and top government figures from the richest and most influential emerging economies came together to try to reach some consensus on the priorities the host nation had set out for.

In the occupied Palestinian territory, Ukraine, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan, according to the adopted summit declaration.

Donald Trump, the president of the United States, has repeatedly questioned the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by human activities, in a sharp emphasis on the seriousness of climate change.

It added that a high level of debt is one of the barriers to inclusive growth in many developing economies because more and more people are affected by large-scale disasters, making this claim more prevalent.

In a foreseeable, timely, organized, and coordinated manner, the declaration stated that “we are committed to strengthening the implementation of the G20 common framework for debt treatments.”

Instead of just exporting raw materials, “Critical minerals should serve as a catalyst for value-addition and broad-based development.”

In his opening remarks, President Cyril Ramaphosa stated that while pursuing the integrity and prestige of the G20’s top economies, South Africa is also committed to ensuring that the group’s development priorities are reflected in its agenda.

The US, which is preventing the summit, had demanded that no declaration be made. Ramaphosa vehemently opposed that.

The US has objected to many of South Africa’s group’s priorities, including one focusing on climate change and its effects on developing nations.

Before the summit, Antonio Guterres, the head of the UN, stated, “But I think South Africa has done its part in making those things clear.”

Guterres warned that wealthy countries frequently made the concessions necessary to reach lasting global financial or climate agreements.

Trump’s illogical assertions that South Africa is engaging in racist anti-white policies and persecuting its Afrikaner white minority led to his country’s boycott of the summit.

The Trump administration’s commitment to South Africa’s G20 agenda has also been made clear since the start of the year when it has begun holding G20 summits.

In February, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio criticized the G20’s agenda as being centered on diversity, equity, inclusion, and climate change.

Rubio rebuffed his claim that he would not squander money on that.

There are “so many difficulties.”

In the weeks leading up to the main summit this weekend, the US and South Africa’s diplomatic rift grew even more, but some leaders were eager to move on while Trump’s boycott predominated the pre-talks discussions in Johannesburg and threatened to undermine the agenda.

Emmanuel Macron, the president of France, expressed regret over Trump’s absence.

“But it shouldn’t prevent us,” she said. Because of the complexity of our challenges, we have a duty to be present, engaged, and working together.

The G20, which includes the European Union, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates, is actually a group of 21 countries.

In response to global financial crises, the bloc was established in 1999 as a bridge between wealthy and poor countries. G20 members collectively account for about 85 percent of the world’s economy, 75 percent of international trade, and more than half of the world’s population, despite frequently operating in the shadow of the Group of Seven richest democracies.

China on Friday took its feud with Tokyo over Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Taikachi’s recent comments on Taiwan to the United Nations, as tensions between the East Asian neighbours deepened and ties plunged to their lowest since 2023.

“If Japan dares to attempt an armed intervention in the cross-Strait situation, it would be an act of aggression,” China’s permanent representative to the UN, Fu Cong, wrote in a letter on Friday to the global body’s Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, referring to the strait that separates mainland China from self-governing Taiwan, which Beijing insists belongs to China. Beijing has not ruled out the possibility of forcibly taking Taiwan.

The diplomatic spat began earlier in November when Taikachi, who took office only in October, made remarks about how Japan would respond to a hypothetical Chinese attack on Taiwan. Those remarks angered Beijing, which has demanded retractions, although the Japanese PM has not made one.

However, the spat has now rapidly escalated into a trade war involving businesses on both sides, and has deepened security tensions over a contested territory that has long been a flashpoint for the two countries.

Here’s what we know about the dispute:

What did Japan’s PM say about Taiwan?

While speaking to parliament on November 7, Taikachi, a longtime Taiwan supporter, said a Chinese naval blockade or other action against Taiwan could prompt a Japanese military response. The response was not typical, and Taikachi appeared to go several steps further than her predecessors, who had only in the past expressed concern about the Chinese threat to Taiwan, but had never mentioned a response.

“If it involves the use of warships and military actions, it could by all means become a survival-threatening situation,” Taikachi told parliament, responding to an opposition politician’s queries in her first parliamentary grilling.

That statement immediately raised protests from China’s foreign and defence ministries, which demanded retractions. China’s consul general in Osaka, Xue Jian, a day after, criticised the comments and appeared to make threats in a now deleted post on X, saying: “We have no choice but to cut off that dirty neck that has been lunged at us without hesitation. Are you ready?”

That post by Xue also raised anger in Japan, and some officials began calling for the diplomat’s expulsion. Japan’s Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara protested to Beijing over Xue’s X message, saying it was “extremely inappropriate,” while urging China to explain. Japan’s Foreign Ministry also demanded the post be deleted. Chinese officials, meanwhile, defended the comments as coming from a personal standpoint.

On November 14, China’s Foreign Ministry summoned the Japanese ambassador and warned of a “crushing defeat” if Japan interfered with Taiwan. The following day, Japan’s Foreign Ministry also summoned the Chinese ambassador to complain about the consul’s post.

Although Taikachi told parliament three days after her controversial statement that she would avoid talking about specific scenarios going forward, she has refused to retract her comments.

How have tensions increased since?

The matter has deteriorated into a trade war of sorts. On November 14, China issued a no-travel advisory for Japan, an apparent attempt to target the country’s tourism sector, which welcomed some 7.5 million Chinese tourists between January and September this year. On November 15, three Chinese airlines offered refunds or free changes for flights planned on Japan-bound routes.

The Chinese Education Ministry also took aim at Japan’s education sector, warning Chinese students there or those planning to study in Japan about recent crimes against Chinese. Both China and Japan have recorded attacks against each other’s nationals in recent months that have prompted fears of xenophobia, but it is unclear if the attacks are linked.

Tensions are also rising around territorial disputes. Last Sunday, the Chinese coastguard announced it was patrolling areas in the East China Sea, in the waters around a group of uninhabited islands that both countries claim. Japan calls the islands the Senkaku Islands, while Beijing calls them the Diaoyu Islands. Japan, in response, condemned the brief “violation” of Japanese territorial waters by a fleet of four Chinese coastguard ships.

Over the last week, Chinese authorities have suspended the screening of at least two Japanese films and banned Japanese seafood.

Then, on Thursday, China postponed a three-way meeting with culture ministers from Japan and South Korea that was scheduled to be held in late November.

‘Symbol of defiance’

On November 18, diplomats from both sides met in Beijing for talks where the grievances were aired.

Senior Chinese official Liu Jinsong chose to wear a five-buttoned collarless suit associated with the rebellion of Chinese students against Japanese imperialism in 1919.

Japanese media have called the choice of the suit a “symbol of defiance.” They also point to videos and images from the meeting showing Liu with his hands in his pockets after the talks, saying the gesture is typically viewed as disrespectful in formal settings.

The Beijing meeting did not appear to ease the tensions, and there seems to be no sign of the impasse breaking: Chinese representatives asked for a retraction, but Japanese diplomats said Taikachi’s remarks were in line with Japan’s stance.

What is the history of Sino-Japanese tensions?

It’s a long and – especially for China – painful story. Imperial Japan occupied significant portions of China after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), when it gained control of Taiwan and forcefully annexed Korea. In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Amid strong Chinese resistance, Japan occupied parts of eastern and southern China, where it created and controlled puppet governments. The Japanese Empire’s defeat in World War II in 1945 ended its expansion bid.

The Chinese Communist Party emerged victorious in 1949 in the civil war that followed with the Kuomintang, which, along with the leader Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan to set up a parallel government. But until 1972, Japan formally recognised Taiwan as “China”.

In 1972, it finally recognised the People’s Republic of China and agreed to the “one China principle”, in effect severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan. However, Japan has maintained firm unofficial ties with Taiwan, including through trade.

Japan has also maintained a policy of so-called “strategic ambiguity” over how Tokyo would respond if China were to attack Taiwan — a policy of deliberate ambivalence, aimed at leaving Beijing and the rest of the world guessing over whether it would intervene militarily. The stance is similar to that of the United States, Taiwan’s most powerful ally.

How important is trade between China and Japan?

He Yongqian, a spokesperson for China’s commerce ministry, said at a regular news conference this week that trade relations between the two countries had been “severely damaged” by PM Takaichi’s comments.

China is Japan’s second-largest export market after the US, with Tokyo selling mainly industrial equipment, semiconductors and automobiles to Beijing. In 2024, China bought about $125bn worth of Japanese goods, according to the United Nations’ Comtrade database. South Korea, Japan’s third-largest export market, bought goods worth $46bn in 2024.

China is also a major buyer of Japan’s sea cucumbers and its top scallop buyer. Japanese firms, particularly seafood exporters, are worried about the effects of the spat on their businesses, according to reporting by Reuters.

Beijing is not as reliant on Japan’s economy, but Tokyo is China’s third-largest trading partner. China mainly exports electrical equipment, machinery, apparel and vehicles to Japan. Tokyo bought $152bn worth of goods from China in 2024, according to financial data website Trading Economics.

It’s not the first time Beijing has retaliated with trade. In 2023, China imposed a ban on all Japanese food imports after Tokyo released radioactive water from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific. Beijing was against the move, although the UN atomic energy agency had deemed the discharge safe. That ban was lifted just on November 7, the same day Taikachi made the controversial comments.

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Serb-majority government, Republika Srpska, casts a snap presidential election on Sunday following the removal of separatist leader Milorad Dodik from office in August.

Dodik was removed after he was convicted for refusing to carry out decisions issued by Christian Schmidt, the international peace envoy who oversees implementation of the Dayton peace agreement that ended the 1992–95 Bosnian War.

Additionally, the court forbade him from running for president for six years and gave him a one-year prison sentence that he avoided by posting bail. The Supreme Court of Bosnia upheld that decision in early November.

In October, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska appointed Ana Trisic-Babic as an interim president until the Sunday election.

What is known about the vote and why it matters, as well.

When will there be a snap election in Republika Srpska?

According to Bosnia’s Central Election Commission (CIK), voting will be open on Sunday, November 23, between 7am (06: 00 GMT) and 7pm (18: 00 GMT). More than 1.2 million people, who come from Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs, are eligible to cast ballots. In previous presidential elections, turnout typically ranged between 50 and 55 percent.

Although Trisic-Babic was appointed as an interim president, the law still requires new elections within 90 days of a president’s removal.

The election resulted in a less than a year of service for Dodik’s successor until the general elections in October.

When will the results be made public?

Preliminary results are expected on election night, but the final official vote count by the Central Election Commission will be announced only after the body also validates all outcomes.

Republika Srpska: What is it?

Along with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, each of Bosnia’s two main political parties enjoys significant autonomy, is Republika Srpska. The two share equal rights over a small, third self-governing administrative unit within the country, known as the Brcko District.

Bosnian Serb leaders formally established the post-war constitutional structure of Bosnia in 1992 with the signing of the Dayton peace agreement. In 1992, Republika Srpska was established.

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina forms the majority of Bosnia’s territory, while the Republic of Srpska accounts for about 49% of that territory.

Republika Srpska has its own government, parliament, judiciary and police, but not its own army.

According to the most recent census, which was conducted more than a decade ago in 2013, Serbia accounts for roughly 82 percent of its residents, along with smaller Bosniak and Croat minorities.

Due to the ethnic cleansing of non-Serb communities, it’s demographics dramatically changed during and after the war. Before the conflict, Bosniaks and Croats made up about half of the population in the area that is now Republika Srpska, today, they account for less than 17 percent.

Radovan Karadzic, the country’s first president, was given a life sentence in The Hague for the 1995 genocide against Bosniaks in Srebrenica, a town within Republika Srpska.

What makes elections significant?

The elections come at a highly sensitive time for Bosnia. Republika Srpska has increased its rhetoric to secede from Bosnia in the wake of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, with Dodik, a close ally of Vladimir Putin, increasingly urging the country to secede, possibly joining Serbia.

After his removal from office and his longstanding rule over Republika Srpska’s politics, Dodik will be replaced by these elections. The vote is also a test of how much influence he can still exert, despite being banned from political activity.

The candidates are who?

Six candidates are running for president, four of whom are political parties, and two of whom are independents.

The main contenders are Sinisa Karan of Dodik’s ruling Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), who is directly backed by Dodik, and Branko Blanusa of the opposition Serb Democratic Party (SDS).

Former Republika Srpska interior minister and long-time member of Dodik’s inner circle. In the current Republika Srpska government, he is minister for higher education and scientific and technological development.

According to Radio Free Europe, he was part of a group ‘ tasked ‘ to draft an SNSD plan for Republika Srpska to break away from Bosnia.

Dodik views Karan as an extension of his own authority, according to analysts. Dodik has frequently attended Karan’s rallies.

Blanusa, the SDS candidate, is a member of the party’s Banja Luka City Committee and a professor at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Banja Luka.

Karadzic was the original leader of the SDS, which is now Republika Srpska’s main opposition party. It has long competed for the same electorate as Dodik’s SNSD and is a Serb nationalist party.

While it is critical of Dodik’s style of governance and allegations of corruption, it broadly shares similar positions on key political issues, including relations with the capital Sarajevo and scepticism towards the international overseer of the peace agreement.

Dragan Dokanovic of the Alliance for New Politics (SNP) and Nikola Lazarevic of the Ecological Party of Republika Srpska are the other party-backed candidates.

On the ballot are two independent candidates, Igor Gasevic and Slavko Dragicevic, who have largely remained unaudited.

Who is Milorad Dodik?

Former Republika Srpska president Milorad Dodik, 66, is a.

He was supported by Western governments in the late 1990s when he became the organization’s prime minister in 1998. He was viewed as a promising alternative to Karadzic’s hardline nationalist government and the post-war regime’s ruling SDS. Then-US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright described Dodik as “a breath of fresh air”, and both the United States and the United Kingdom placed their hopes in him as a more moderate future option.

He was one of the first Republika Srpska leaders to acknowledge the genocide at Srebrenica. Dodik, the head of SNSD since its formation, claimed in a 2007 interview that “there was a genocide in Srebrenica” that he “perfectly knew what took place.

“That judgement was made by the court in The Hague, and that is an undeniable legal fact”, he said.

He has won again in 2022 after serving three terms as Republika Srpska’s president, winning twice in two separate mandates from 2010 to 2018. He was elected to Bosnia’s three-member presidency in 2018 as the Serb candidate.

During this period, however, Dodik adopted a far more nationalist stance, repeatedly calling for the entity’s secession, and denying the Srebrenica genocide – going back on his own earlier admissions.

Dodik signed two contentious bills in 2023 that stated that Republika Srpska would not be able to apply the rulings of the Bosnian constitutional court and the Dayton Agreement peace envoy. Those bills were blocked by the constitutional court and the peace envoy.

In March 2025, the constitutional court issued arrest warrants for Milorad Dodik and several of his allies on charges of undermining the constitutional order. However, a month later, Republika Srpska police prevented State Investigation and Protection Agency (SIPA) agents from entering the Republika Srpska government’s administrative center to arrest Dodik, escalating the conflict even further.

Dodik was removed from office and barred from politics in Bosnia in August. He, however, remains the president of the SNSD party and continues to be its most powerful figure.

Does Bosnia as a whole suffer as a result of the Republika Srpska political crisis?

Yes. The two countries have a strong relationship, and Bosnia is a nation that relies on a power-sharing system. The national level of stability may be impacted by the opposition to state institutions and the rise of secessionist threats.

The early election also strains Bosnia’s economy. In a nation with one of Europe’s smallest economies, the vote is funded by the state budget rather than the organization’s own institutions. The Bosnian Central Election Commission has allocated close to $4 million to the election, or more than six million Bosnian marks.

The UK government, one of the guarantors of&nbsp, the 1995 Dayton Peace Accords, said at a United Nations Security Council meeting on Bosnia in October that holding presidential elections in the Republika Srpska would give “an opportunity for formation of their new government”, insisting that “the constitutional order and rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina must be upheld”.

At the meeting, UK representative Jennifer MacNaughtan said, “We support a focus on constructive and cooperative politics, even between Bosnia and Herzegovina’s two entities.”

Russia, a staunch supporter of Republika Srpska, praised the interim president’s transition to Dodik in October, while also reaffirming Dodik’s position that the Office of the High Representative peace envoy (OHR) should be “permanently closed.”

In conversation with the media, the spokesperson of Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Maria Zakharova, said the Russian Federation “wholeheartedly supports” the struggle of the leadership of Republika Srpska against “eroding fundamental principles” of the Dayton peace treaty.

The US has not made an official comment on the elections, but the Department of Treasury has recently lifted sanctions against Dodik, his family, and his allies, including SNDS candidate Karan, for tampering with the Dayton peace agreement. Serb officials in Bosnia have suggested that they were pursuing a more cooperative relationship with the US while still maintaining their close ties with Russia.

Republika Srpska’s strongest ally, Serbia, has taken a more cautious stance than usual. Serbia’s president Aleksandar Vucic, who has been a subject of anti-government protests for almost a year, avoided directly commenting on the elections in an interview with the state-owned Radio Television of Serbia. He stated that he hoped for the Republic of Srpska’s “peaceful” outcome and that everything would “pass peacefully.” He added that Serbia would always be there to help with “infrastructure”.

What might occur following the election?

Dodik’s influence on the SNSD’s Karan would likely continue if he were to win. Speaking to Euronews Serbia, Karan said the vote had been “forced” onto Republika Srpska by the peace envoy Schmidt and that a vote for him is “a vote for President Dodik”.

The Republika Srpska National Assembly also has a sizable majority, thanks to the ruling SNSD.

Under the current leadership, Republika Srpska has become “impoverished, displaced, and isolated,” according to Blanusa of the opposition’s SDS party, and has pledged to make combating corruption in the organization its top priority.

Indeed, the entity faces deep economic challenges. Total gross domestic product (GDP) for the year 2023 was approximately 16 billion Bosnian marks (roughly $9 billion), making up a third of the country’s GDP, according to the Republika Srpska’s Database of Economic Indicators.