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In eastern Tehran, a resident named Sepehr keeps the front door of his apartment unlocked. It is a grim, calculated routine, allowing his family to sprint to an underground car park the moment the booming explosions return to shake their windows.

As thick, toxic smoke from burning oil facilities blankets the city of 10 million, the reality of a limitless conflict has set in. “The war might last weeks, so my family and I will only leave if it gets too bad,” Sepehr says. “For now, life goes on”.

For Iranians and the wider Middle East, there is a haunting sense of deja vu. Today marks the 12th day of the joint United States and Israeli military war against Iran. Exactly at this point during the June 2025 escalation, a fragile, US-brokered truce took effect, halting 12 days of intense bombardment.

Top military leaders and hundreds of civilians were killed in Iran by Israeli strikes, and 28 were killed in Israel, with Iran’s largely symbolic salvo on Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, which hosts US assets, marking the final curtain of that 12-day war.

Things look much more perilous for the region and the world beyond this time.

The current conflict bears little resemblance to last year’s contained warfare. A drastic strategic pivot – from degrading nuclear infrastructure to executing a “decapitation” strike against the Iranian leadership – has shattered the previous rules of engagement, dragging the region into an open-ended war of attrition with zero diplomatic off-ramps.

The death of diplomacy

During the June 2025 war, Israeli and US forces largely concentrated their firepower on specific nuclear and military facilities in Natanz, Fordow, and Isfahan, though Tehran also came under heavy attack. While devastating, the defined scope of those targets left room for negotiations. The conflict ended on June 24 after intense mediation by Oman, which had been facilitating indirect nuclear talks in Geneva.

This time, the US and Israel adopted a fundamentally different objective. The opening salvo on February 28, 2026 assassinated Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and several family members in Tehran. The strike was seemingly based on the assumption that eliminating the head of state would precipitate the instant capitulation of the government.

That has not happened. And now another Khamenei, the second son Mojtaba, has been selected as the new supreme leader, with the powerful Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and key leaders all pledging loyalty.

US President Donald Trump has oscillated between demanding the “unconditional surrender” of Iran, calling for a popular uprising, and offering amnesty to military commanders who switch sides. Yet, despite Washington and Israel claiming they have struck more than 5,000 targets and decimated Iran’s air force and navy, the government in Tehran has not collapsed.

Iran says US and Israeli forces have bombed nearly 10,000 civilian sites in the country and killed more than 1,300 civilians since the war began.

Surviving the shock: The ‘mosaic defence’

The gamble that Iran’s state apparatus would fracture without its supreme leader fundamentally misjudged Iranian military doctrine. Analysts note that Tehran spent two decades designing a framework to survive exactly this scenario.

Formulated by the IRGC, the concept of “decentralised mosaic defence” diffuses command and control across regional layers. Coupled with a “fourth successor” redundancy plan, it ensures that even if senior leaders are killed and central communications are severed, local combat units retain the authority and capacity to act.

Consequently, the Iranian establishment swiftly appointed Mojtaba Khamenei as the new supreme leader, and Iran’s vast missile forces continued firing. Using a mix of short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, as well as drone swarms, Iran has turned time into a strategic weapon, aiming to deplete Israeli interceptor stockpiles and inflict continuous economic paralysis.

A wider, costlier battlefield

The absence of an off-ramp has allowed the war to metastasise across the region. In 2025, Iran’s retaliation was largely contained to Israel and specific US assets. In 2026, Tehran has widened the map, launching strikes across nine countries.

Missiles and drones have hit US military presence and civilian infrastructure in all Gulf states, including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. The Iranian military has also restricted traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, driving Brent crude oil prices past $100 a barrel, with wild swings ongoing, and prompting fears of a global energy crisis.

The financial burden of this limitless war is staggering. According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the first 100 hours of Operation Epic Fury cost the US approximately $3.7bn, mostly unbudgeted. Israel, already reeling from the economic strain of its prolonged wars in Gaza and Lebanon, faces mounting domestic pressure as daily sirens force millions into bunkers.

The human burden

While politicians and generals debate the shifting parameters of “victory”, civilians are absorbing the catastrophic costs. At least 1,255 people have been killed in Iran, alongside 570 in Lebanon, 13 in Israel, and eight US soldiers.

Among the Iranian dead are 200 children and 11 healthcare workers. In the southern city of Minab, a strike obliterated the Shajareh Tayyebeh girls’ elementary school, killing 165 people, mostly young students. While the US says it’s investigating that strike, independent analysts say the presence of Tomahawk missile debris seems to point blame firmly towards Washington.

Trump recently claimed the war would be over “very soon”, but the reality on the ground suggests a prolonged tragedy.

Rising fuel prices are pushing more people to use public transport and prompting a four-day work week in Manila as the impact of the US-Israeli war on Iran is felt globally. Al Jazeera’s Jamela Alindogan reports on how the government is cutting non-essential travel to save energy costs.